424 | It is not often that we see a convergence and divergence of minds together in one room, providing all kinds of new insights and perspectives in various areas of research. The research group of Service Studies, School of Graduate Studies, and International Hospitality Management presented a day of research, in the form of an academic conference.


This day saw a collection of students, researchers, lecturers and other visitors present at the plenary session and workshops to discuss and share innovative research methods in service studies. Some central themes were presented at the contemplation centre, which served as the stage for presentations by key speakers with the workshops taking place at Hotel Wyswert.
Introduction
by Alexander Grit, Stenden Hogeschool, University of Applied Sciences
A salon is a gathering of people under the roof of an inspiring hostess or host, partly to amuse one another and partly to refine their taste and increase their knowledge through conversation and readings.
The most famous of the literary salons of Paris formed in the 1620’s were the Hotel de Rambouillet by Madame de Rambouillet and the rival salon that gathered around Madeleine de Scudery. In the salons of Paris, the precieuses refined the French language even before the Academie francaise was founded.
I would like to take you to the turn of the century Berlin. A city which was growing at a fast rate. In this city was home of the famous Jewish German Philosopher and sociologic George Simmel.
Simmel played an active part in the intellectual and cultural life of the capital, frequenting many fashionable salons and participating in various cultural circles.
He introduced the term the blase person. This person was suffering from the city life, a new type of individual defined not by class, gender, professional or ethnic identity but by psychological disposition. Simmels blase person incorporates notions of the environmental causes of mental disease. The blase individual exhibits a special kind of neurosis, brought on by the intensity and motley disorder of metropolitan communication, the jostling crowdedness of city streets, with their shifts and contradictions in events, rapid telescoping of changing images . . . [and] unexpectedness of violent stimuli.
The cure for condition was as what Simmel called sociability, or the play form of association, as encountered not in the public spaces of the city but in the semipublic/ semi-private space of the salon, offered the blase person the greatest therapeutic value.
Simmel also had a salon in his house at the corner of the corner of Leipzigerstrasse and Friedrichstrasse.
This would correspond to Times Square in New York. In this salon he could distance between himself and the urban masses, allowing Simmel to retreat to the safety of the salon.
Apart from the therapeutic value the salon from Simmel provided a massive impact on a group of intellectuals which in many respects came to dominate German social thought for many decades. Simmel also attended informal discussions in the Weber household with other German scholars, and though Weber often disagreed with Simmel, he was nevertheless influenced by him.
The salon in its most pure form the sociability of the salon shows itself in the flow of a lightly amusing play in which the heavily burdened forces of reality are felt only as from a distance, their weight fleetingly in a charm. Our Salons de Wyswert are in the state of becoming and you will be playing the performance. They will offer platforms for exchange.

»Lines of Flights«
by Anand Mishra
The day started with the welcoming of the visitors, after which some opening speeches and introductions were made. The first speaker was Dr. Paul Lynch, who specializes in the teaching of management and enterprise in the hospitality and tourism industries. Knowledge and innovation were widely spoken about where he identified them as separate concepts,following which he presented some criticisms in the hospitality research paradigms. According to Dr. Lynch, there are existing narrow interpretations and methodologies of research in terms of hospitality, a lack of an integrated theoretical basis and a widespread tendency to ignore the smaller voices in a management hierarchy. Interpretations of hospitality research are captured from the perspective of different philosophies and schools of thought.
“We should be developing students as philosophical practitioners able not only to do but to develop and create in a sense of personal and business skills.” Dr. Lynch also spoke of a hospitality lens, the traditional one focusing on the host-guest transaction and the exchange of quality; and the useful transformation of this lens across disciplines and perspectives. “Hospitality is a mirror reflecting society norms, culture and beliefs. It exists at multiple society levels and leads to an understanding of society in general.”
Dr. Stanislav Ivanov; assistant professor at the International University College, Bulgaria, and editor-in-chief of the newly established European Journal of Tourism Research, was next. He presented an overview of common mistakes and shortcomings in tourism research such as plagiarism, insignificant research, lack of practical application, lack of references and outdated literature reviews.
“There is a preoccupation with methodology rather than analysis and the practical and theoretical implications of the research. Is it hospitality research or research into methodology using hospitality and tourism as an example?” Dr. Ivanov went on to discuss about questionnaire design, “There has to be a trade-off between the number of questions, the time taken to fill each questionnaire and the number of filled questionnaires.”
Dr. Grete Birtwistle is the head of the division of Fashion, Marketing and Retailing at the Glasgow Caledonian University, U.K. Having had extensive experience in fashion retailing, the idea for her current research topic stemmed from reading several research dissertations. She spoke about the differences in consumer behaviour between fashion adopters and fashion followers. In the U.K., where celebrities play an important role in branding, a large majority of people are fashion followers.
“We are moving into a throw-away society,” says Dr. Birtwistle. “Throw-away fashion is strongly significant. Fashion adopters hardly ever wear clothes more than once!” Understanding the fashion adoption phenomenon would ultimately lead to an understanding of the fashion trends since fashion adopters have an influence on the rest of the market.
Having worked as the chairperson in the Council for Hospitality Management Education (CHME) and currently supervising seven doctoral students, Dr. Stephen Ball from the Sheffield Hallam University, U.K., presented some of his views on qualitative research design. His focus is on the examination of leadership of academics in hospitality research. “Leadership is quite a slippery concept,” says Dr. Ball. There are different views of leadership as a property of social systems at different levels of organisation.
“In this context, three elements come into the picture – the notion of setting and achieving goals, the role of group activities and the feature of influencing behaviour of others.” An important concept expressed by Dr. Ball was the concept of selfleaders: “There were some leaders who revolved in their own projects and through their work were in fact leading others. You must lead yourself and take other people as fellow travellers.” “Our busy age doesn’t always have the time to read but always has the time to look.”
The last speaker for the day, Ms. Tijana Rakic, a doctoral candidate from Napier University at Edinburgh, U.K. actively uses video, an innovative research technique in the social sciences. Through the showing of some films, she explained how visual methods in research can be more interesting in comparison to traditional methods of research in the process of creating knowledge. One of them was a co-produced ethnographic documentary on tourism impacts in the island of Crete while the other was an unfinished video of her current doctoral research, exploring the construction and consumption of images of Greekness by visitors to the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. She points out that moving images are becoming important; they have an immediate effect and are easy to describe. Visual methods are on the rise among disciplines and can reach out to wider audiences. Footage can be used as a diary to create a research study or a documentary. “Researchers do not have to be filmmakers – they can join other projects and learn,” concludes Ms. Rakic.
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